[Role of modified cardiovascular risk factors in development of oncologic diseases].

Cardiovascular (CVD) and oncological diseases (OD) are the main causes of death worldwide and account for a heavy burden on economy, disability and mortality in many countries. Clear understanding of the mechanisms shared by CVD and cancer is important for increasing the life span and quality of life in cancer survivors as well as for preventing comorbidities and correct instructing the patients about risk factors and lifestyle modifications. Both groups of diseases share risk factors, including smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, etc. Along with these factors, inflammation may play a key role as it promotes both types of diseases and accompanies obesity, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Better understanding of the interaction between CVD and cancer will allow creating common effective diagnostic and preventive strategies and safe approaches to the treatment.

[Features of Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Target Organ Damage in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Arterial Hypertension].

AIM: to investigate relationship between arterial hypertension (AH) and risk factors / subclinical damage of target organs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). METHODS: We included into this clinical epidemiological study 528 patients with DM2 (30.5 % men, 69.5 % women; mean age 54.1±0.3 years; 80.3 % with AH, 19.7 % without AH), who answered questions of the ARIC study questionnaire related to risk factors. Also, we studied features of target organ damage and laboratory indicators. RESULTS: In comparison with normotensives patients with AH more frequently had ischemic heart disease (12.7±1.6 % vs. 5.8±2.3 %, p<0.05), chronic heart failure (CHF) (30.9±2.2 % vs. 9.6±2.9 %, p<0.001), atherosclerosis of vessels of lower extremities (69.8±2.2 % vs. 53.8±4.9 %, p<0.01) and cerebral vessels (50.9±2.4 % vs. 28.8±4.4 %, p<0.001), history of stroke (5.0±1.1 % vs. 0 %, p<0.05), hypertonic angiopathy (14.5±1.8 % vs. 6.5±2.5 %, p<0.05), low level of high density lipoprotein (87.3±2.2 % vs. 74.5±6.4 %, p<0.05), electro- and echocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (75.6±2.1 % vs. 45.4±5.1 %, p<0.001; 61.1±2.6 % vs. 24.4±4.7 %, p<0.001, respectively), lowering of left ventricular ejection fraction (12.5±1.7 % vs. 7.8±2.8 %, p<0.001), diastolic disfunction of the left ventricle (52.6±2.7 % vs. 23.2±4.7 %, p<0.001), atherosclerosis of the aorta (38.0±2.6 % vs. 20.7±4.5 %, p<0.01), lowering of the ankle-brachial index (left - 29.8±2.3 % vs. 14.9±3.5 %, p<0.01; right - 31.5±2.3 % vs. 9.9±3.0 %, p<0.001, respectively), increased intima-media thickness of the right carotid artery (84.6±5.0 % vs. 60.0±11.0 %, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In patients with type 2 diabetes and AH, in order to develop strategy of macro- and microvascular complications prevention, it is necessary to conduct early screening of risk factors and subclinical damage of target organs.

[Prevention of disoders of activity which associated with the risk of dynapenia and sarcopenia by combined aerobic-anaerobic training.]

The article presents the data of the study of different models of aerobic and anaerobic exercise in 208 elderly people (89 men and 119 women), which were divided into three groups. The 1st group (control) received standard recommendations of the doctor on the regime of physical activity (daily walks of at least 30 minutes). The 2nd group in addition to the standard recommendations received training in the form of Nordic walking with the regime of classes twice per week for 60 minutes. The 3rd group in addition to the standard recommendations received combined aerobic exercise in the form of Nordic walking twice per week for 60 minutes + anaerobic exercises with a frequency of training twice per week for 30 minutes. It was found that the best results of the increase in total activity, improved gait and stability, as well as increased muscle strength were achieved in the 3rd group of patients. Such, combined aerobic-anaerobic exercise can be recommended as a program of geriatric prevention of disorders associated with the risk of dynapenia and sarcopenia.

[Annual Scientific Session of American College of Cardiology 2018: Results of Clinical Studies].

The article contains report of 15 most important clinical studies presented at 67­th Annual Scientific Session of American College of Cardiology (Orlando, USA, March 10-12, 2018).

Congress of the European Society of Cardiology (Barcelona, 2017): Results of the Most Important Clinical Trials.

A report was presented on all four Hot Line: Late-Breaking Clinical Trials sessions of the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2017 on the results of new clinical research in cardiology.

[Review of International Clinical Trials in the Field of Cardiology Reported in 2016].

We present in this article the review of 6 scientific Hot Line sessions of the 2016 European Congress of Cardiology devoted to novel approaches to treatment of heart failure, strategies of prevention of complications of cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, imaging methods of investigation, and stenting in coronary heart disease.

[Assessment of Relationship Between Cardiovascular Risk and Risk of Development of Diabetes Mellitus].

AIM: to analyze interrelationship between cardiovascular risk (CVR) and risk of development of diabetes mellitus (DM) in a cohort of working age men. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled in this study 300 men aged 40-59 years with more or equal 1 risk factors. Examination included questionnaire, standard clinical, instrumental, and laboratory studies. CVR and risk of developing DM was estimated using European SCORE scale and The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) respectively. RESULTS: In a group of men with low risk of DM prevailed subjects with low-moderate CVR; every fourth person in this group had high and every tenth - very high CVR. In the group of men with moderately high risk of DM every second subject had high and every third - very high CVR. In the group of men with high and very high risk of DM every second subject had very high CVR. DM risk correlated most closely with metabolic risk factors. Less pronounced but significant correlation existed between levels of DM and CVR risk and parameters of arterial pressure, lipid spectrum, age, and sedentary lifestyle. There was no significant correlation between DM risk and left ventricular hypertrophy, smoking, and tachycardia. CONCLUSION: Highest rate of very high CVR was revealed among men with high and very high risk of DM, while rate of high CVR in groups with moderately high and high risk of DM appeared to be comparable.

[A Review of Recent European Clinical Guidelines: What Useful for the Practitioner?]

This review article provides an outline of 5 of the updated clinical practice guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology developed by leading experts of the relevant working groups of the society. Guidelines deal with new approaches to identification, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pericardial diseases, ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, infective endocarditis and acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation and comprise new diagnostic algorithms. Risk stratification and taking into account etiological factors are considered as important links for conduct of medical and surgical treatments of corresponding cardiovascular diseases. Presented new guidelines extend the capabilities of primary care physicians.

[Results of Monitoring of the Plan of Measures Directed to Reduction of Ischemic Heart Disease in North Caucasus Republics. Analysis of Dynamics of Cardio-Vascular Mortality].

Comparative analysis of dynamics of cardiovascular mortality in Russia and foreign countries as well as main directions of development of cardiological service in Russia are presented in this review article. Plan of measures for reduction of mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) was created in 2015. This plan comprises 4 blocks of assessment of the following measures: directed at improvement of primary IHD prevention (1), directed at secondary prevention of complications of IHD (2); directed at improvement of efficacy of medical care of patients with IHD (3), and directed at monitoring of some demographic parameters (4). The article also contains results of monitoring of realization of the plan of IHD reduction in republics of North Caucasus. Realization of the program on healthy life style (HLS) lacks coordination between ministries. Mass information media are not sufficiently involved in propaganda of HLS. Mean achievement of target levels of main risk factors does not exceed 30-35%. First stage of prophylactic medical examination (dispanserization) has been fulfilled in 65%. High technology care is available both in federal and regional centers. Organization of effective urgent medical service, drug supply, and rehabilitation of patients with IHD are important aspects of improvement of secondary prevention in the region.

[Congress of European Society of Cardiology (London, 2015): Results of Most Important Clinical Trials].

Report on all six Hot Line sessions of the European Society of Cardiology Congress, 2015, is presented. These sessions were doted to studies in acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation/cardiac electrical pacing, diabetes/pharmacotherapy, arterial hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease.

[Sudden Cardiac Death of Young Persons: Risk Factors, Causes, Morphological Equivalents].

The article contains literature review on the problem of causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among young people as well as results of author's own retrospective study of deaths of persons before 39 years based on forensic autopsies performed during 10 year period. The study of structure and dynamics of causes of death, its risk factors and the role of connective tissue dysplasia in development of terminal symptomocomlexes allowed to establish that main mechanism of SCD in young people was arrhythmogenic developing as a response to provoking factors--physical effort, psychoemotional stress, consumption of light alcoholic beverages.

[Congress of the European Society of Cardiology (Barcelona, 2014): Results of Most Important Clinical Studies].

This brief report on the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2014 contains detailed reflection of results of international studies presented at 5 Hot Line scientific sessions.

[Assessment of Risk of Development of Diabetes Mellitus Among Physicians of Therapeutic Proffle: Results of a Screening Study].

AIM: to assess risk of development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and detection of other metabolic derangements among physicians-internists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In an open clinical screening study participated 117 male and 167 female physicians mostly cardiologists and internists from various regions of Russia. All participants filled in standard questionnaires and were subjected to examination which included measurement of height, body mass, waist circumference, determination of adipose tissue mass adiposity analyzer, registration of arterial pressure, and assessment of DM risk using Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). RESULTS: Each second physician had high value of adipose mass volume. Abdominal obesity was found in every third participant irrespective of age. High AP values were detected in 53% of men and 21% of women. Every sixth respondent had moderate or high risk of DM. Moderate risk among men was 2.5 high than in women while high and very high risk was 2 times more frequent in women. CONCLUSION: Because of high prevalence of metabolic disturbances primary prevention is a pressing in this social group.

[Novel algorithms in treatment of dyslipidemia: comparative analysis of new American and European recommendations].

This analytical review is devoted to analysis of discrepancies between new American and European recommendations/Significance of level of cardiovascular risk, taget levels of lipids, intensity of therapy, application of therapy with statins and/or expedience of the use of other lipid lowering drugs. Main differences between two recommendations and their similarities are summarized in a table. Schematic representation of suggested consensus on treatment of dyslipidemia with consideration of both recommendations is given in a separate part.

[Assessment of Risk of Development of Diabetes Mellitus Among Physicians of Therapeutic Profile: Results of a Screening Study].

AIM: to assess risk of development of diabetes mellitus (DM) and detection of other metabolic derangements among physicians-internists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In an open clinical screening study participated 117 male and 167 female physicians mostly cardiologists and internists from various regions of Russia. All participants filled in standard questionnaires and were subjected to examination which included measurement of height, body mass, waist circumference, determination of adipose tissue mass adiposity analyzer, registration of arterial pressure, and assessment of DM risk using Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). RESULTS: Each second physician had high value of adipose mass volume. Abdominal obesity was found in every third participant irrespective of age. High AP values were detected in 53% of men and 21% of women. Every sixth respondent had moderate or high risk of DM. Moderate risk among men was 2.5 high than in women while high and very high risk was 2 times more frequent in women. CONCLUSION: Because of high prevalence of metabolic disturbances primary prevention is a pressing in this social group.

[Novel Algorithm of Treatment of Dyslipidemia: Comparative Analysis of New American and European Recommendations].

This analytical review is devoted to analysis of discrepancies between new American and European recommendations/ Significance of level.